Dental decay or caries when left untreated spreads further into the tooth structure reaching the pulp or nerve of the tooth. This leads to pain and discomfort. Whenever a patient complains of pain in a carious tooth it indicates the pulp or nerve is involved. In such cases, a simple filling is not sufficient and is indicative of a root canal therapy. If such cases are left untreated then the decay or infection spreads deeper into the tissues from the pulp to the surrounding periodontium. This includes the gums, periodontal ligaments, and the alveolar bone. This causes severe pain and swelling in the gums and causes abscess formation, with pus drainage in some cases. In extreme cases, the dental infection can spread to the jaw bone and cause a fistula or sinus through the skin or a space-occupying infection or cellulitis in the head and neck region. Hence, it is very important to treat a dental infection at the earliest to avoid further complications. This procedure involves the removal of dental caries or decay followed by the removal of the pulp tissue. This is accompanied by the cleaning of the pulp chamber and root canals with instruments and chemical solutions. It is very important to clean and remove any necrotic or inflamed pulp tissue. If the necrotic or infected tissue is not removed completely and the canal is not adequately sterilized it can lead to reinfection and discomfort. This is followed by shaping or enlarging the root canal to receive the root filling. The cleaning of the canals involves using solutions and medicaments which are bactericidal or antiseptic in nature. The filling material is made of gutta-percha which is an inert material ideal for root filling. This provides strength to the root canal structure and saves the tooth.
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